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Family trees, decoded.

Plain-English guides to cousins, shared DNA, cousin marriage laws and the genetics of starting a family.

What is a second cousin?

A second cousin is your parent's first cousin's child: you share great-grandparents and about 3% of your DNA. Family tree chart, DNA numbers, and the second cousin vs. once removed mix-up explained.

6 min read →

What is a first cousin once removed?

A first cousin once removed is your first cousin's child or your parent's first cousin. What "removed" means, a simple rule for any cousin, and how much DNA you share.

6 min read →

Sibling DNA test: full, half or not related?

How a sibling DNA test works, how to tell full from half siblings (2,613 vs 1,759 cM), consumer kits vs lab sibling tests, and which one to choose.

7 min read →

Thalassemia trait: what it means for your kids

Thalassemia trait (minor) explained: usually harmless for you, but if both partners carry it each pregnancy has a 1 in 4 chance of thalassemia major. Symptoms, testing, and premarital screening.

7 min read →

Pretty sure we're not related

Why, in this day and age, the only honest answer to "Are we related?" comes from DNA.

5 min read →

Can you marry your cousin in…

State-by-state answers, or see the full 50-state map.